Te Roroa Claim

Index

0.1 Index

Acheson, Judge F O V, 119, 156, 157, 267, 268, 272, 277, 279, 284
Acheson's 1932 inquiry, 63, 267-268
Acheson's 1939 inquiry, 119, 139, 157, 159, 168n3, 272-277, 280, 282, 283, 284
ACTS
Conservation Act 1987, 183, 208n4, 247, 260n22
Conservation Law Reform Act 1990, 208n4, 249, 250, 261n23
Constitution Act 1852, 28, 29
Criminal Code Act 1893, 215
Education Act 1877, 184
Fisheries Act 1983, 208n4
Forests Act 1949, 231, 234
Forests Amendment Act 1965, 205
Forests Amendment Act 1973, 231
Forests Amendment Act 1976, 231
Forest and Rural Fires Act 1977, 206
Historic Places Act 1954, 259n13
Historic Places Act 1980, 231, 232, 247, 250, 260n18
Historic Places Amendment Act 1975, 234, 244
Historic Places Bill (proposed), 250, 257, 261n23
Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act 1885, 184
Immigration and Public Works Act 1870, 55
Immigration and Public Works Act 1873, 55
Land Act 1892, 269
Land Titles Protection Act 1908, 154, 168n4
Magistrates' Courts Act 1893, 154
Magistrates' Courts Act 1908, 154
Maori Affairs Act 1953, 162, 193, 231, 252, 254, 256, 260n17, 280
Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1967, 193
Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1974, 260n17
Maori Antiquities Act 1901, 212, 222, 258n7
Maori Lands Administration Act 1900, 168n1
Maori Language Act 1987, 254
Maori Social and Economic Advancement Act 1945, 185
Maori Welfare Act 1962, 231
National Parks Act 1980, 183
Native Land Act 1873, 45, 46, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 70, 75, 82, 88, 92,
100, 102, 103-105, 107, 113, 136n5, 139, 140, 276
Native Land Act 1909, 136n3, 148, 154, 166, 168n1
Native Land Act 1931, 115, 117, 168n1, 268
Native Land Amendment Act 1913, 151
Native Lands Act 1862, 40
Native Lands Act 1865, 40, 43, 56, 101
Native Lands Act 1866, 91, 112, 136n3
Native Lands Act 1867, 41, 43, 44, 112, 136n3, 137n6, 137n8
Native Land Court Act 1886, 94
Native Land Court Act 1894, 95, 96, 107
Native Lands Frauds Prevention Act 1870, 44, 75
Native Land Settlement Act 1907, 270
Native Purposes Act 1937, 97, 137n5
Native Purposes Act 1938, 272, 273, 278, 282, 285n13
Native Reserves Act 1865, 136n1
Native Reserves Act 1873, 92, 100
Native Schools Act 1867, 185
Native Schools Act Amendment Act 1871, 185, 198
New Zealand Walkways Act 1975, 98
Public Works Act, 149, 153, 181
Race Relations Act 1971, 185
Reserves Act 1977, 208n4, 244
Resource Management Act 1991, 183, 250, 254, 256, 257, 258n2, 261n23,
355, 356, 357
Runanga Iwi Act 1990, 257
Servicemen's Settlement and Land Sales Act 1943, 285n15
State-owned Enterprises Act 1986, 227, 246, 258n1, 260n20
Town and Country Planning Act 1977, 232
Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975, 23, 32n19
Treaty of Waitangi Amendment Act 1985, 281
Treaty of Waitangi (State Enterprises) Act 1988, 260n20
Volunteers and Others Land Act 1877, 111-112, 113, 116
Wildlife Act 1953, 208n4
Wild Animal Control Act 1977, 208n4
agriculture, 24, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 185
Ahuriri cemetery, 129, 220, 221
Akatiti, 61
Anderson, Professor Atholl, 237, 242
Anich, 147
Arapohue block, 40, 48
archaeological site, definition of, 259n15
archaeology (Waipoua), 99, 231-243, 245, 247
proposed reserve, 248, 251, 260n19
see Waipoua Archaeological Project, Te Roroa-Waipoua Archaeological Advisory Committee
Ariki (Tohe's slave), 18
Atareta Morunga, 148, 150, 156, 168n6, app 6(4)
her daughters, 155, 156, 157, 159, 168n6
Auckland Institute and Museum, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 223, 269
Auckland Scenery Preservation Board, 114
Auckland University Field Club, 98
"Austrians", 143, 147, 153, 167, 169n14
Baber, 264, 265, 266
Baker, 140
Ballance, John 94
Bastion Point, 280
Barstow's inquiry, 60, 76, 79, 80
Bell, Commissioner, 150, 157, 158, 165
Black, David, 237
Blomfield, E C, 215, 216, 217, 219, 222, 258n9, 266
Blundell, Percy, 223
Bougen, Joseph 213
Bowler, W H, 151, 152, 159
Brissenden, E T, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 74, 75, 81, 86, 89n4
Brown's Bay, 177
Bryers, Mrs M A, 266
Bulmer, Dr Susan, 238, 241, 246
Busby, James, 24, 25
Campbell, S, 41, 133, 135, 136
Canterbury settlement, 264-265, 266
Carroll, Sir James, 185, 215, 266, 270
cattle grazing, 189
Cheal, 140
Cheeseman, T F, 215, 218, 223
Christianity
acceptance of, 24, 36, 37, 38, 39, 52
claimants, 7, 8
Clarke, H T, 84, 124, 125
Clendon, J S, 74, 75, 79
Coates, J G, 187, 270, 272
Colonial (Dominion, National) Museum, 222, 225
communications
see railway, roads, tracks and waterways
Confederation of United Tribes, 24
conservation policies, 179, 182
consolidation of interests, 270
Hokianga, 117, 190
Waipoua, 155, 272
see land development schemes
Cooper, Dame Whina, 280, 281
Cooper, William, 155, 176-177
Couch, Ben, 281
Crown land (claim area)
allocations of 1953-1987, 248
Crown right of pre-emption
see Treaty of Waitangi
culture contact
pre 1870, 33, 52
curio-hunting, 212
dairy farming, 187, 188, 189, 191
Dalmatians, 120
Dannefaerd, 221, 222
Dannefaerd collection, 226
Darby, Owen, 273
Dargaville, J M, 40
Davis, R C, 61, 82, 89n6
Declaration of Independence, 24, 25, 26
dog-tax rebellion, 216
Donnelly's Crossing, 186, 187, 189, 191
Downey, John, 269, 270, 271, 274
economic and social conditions
1920s, 171
present day, 195-196, 202, 204, 205, 207
economy
participation in market economy, 35, 36, 37, 46, 52, 186, 188
see also agriculture, cattle grazing, horticulture, kauri gum digging,
mahinga kai, timber industry, trade
Eddowes, 142, 146, 147
Eddowes, Margaret, 146
EDS v Manganui County (1989), 258n2
education
desire for, 47
village schools, 29, 185, 196, 198-200, 208n13
school site Waipoua, 159, 199
rural school consolidation, 200
school transport, 198, 199, 200, 201
Correspondence School, 200-201
post-primary, 201
pilot scheme in use of telecommunications, 201-202
lack of Maori language in, 202
electricity (Waipoua Settlement), 197
emergency regulations 1951, 243
epidemics, influenza, 117, 202
erosion, Taharoa lake, 174
Fenton, Chief Judge F D, 40, 41, 43, 57, 73, 87, 88n3, 136n6, 137n6, 137n8
fire
risk to Waipoua forest and settlement, 197, 205, 206
forest service protection, 204
reduced protection under DOC and Timberlands, 205, 206
fire risk assessment report, 206-207
fisheries, 13, 14, 15, 16, 117, 172-178, 182, 274, 275
see Waihopai river, Taharoa lakes, Kawerua
flax, 34
lease, 42
Forestry Corporation, 206, 241, 247, 248, 251
Foster, A L, 124
Fox, Lady Aileen, 224, 225, 259n11
Fraser, L G, 283
Gittos, Rev William, 40
Goffe, W E, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 157, 159
Gordon, Sir Arthur, 112
government departments
air, 243-244
conservation (Te Papa Atawhai), 193, 197, 205, 206, 238, 239, 241,
242, 246, 247, 248, 249, 252, 254, 255, 257
education, 159, 196, 199, 200
forest service (forestry), 154, 155, 156, 161, 179-183, 187, 188, 190,
191, 192, 194, 195, 199, 204, 205, 234-235, 236, 240, 242, 246
health, 185, 196
internal affairs, 259n13
lands and survey, 140, 166, 243, 277, 278, 281, 283, 243
native (Maori affairs), 45, 55, 58, 83, 124, 185, 189, 190, 192, 196,
197, 202, 203, 283, 284
native land purchase, 55, 56, 57, 83, 265
post and telegraph, 196
public works, 192
valuation, 161
government restructuring, 242, 246-250
Graham, W A, 65, 110
Gregory, Dr Bruce, 281
Grey, Sir George, 39, 76, 127, 128, 264
grievances and protests
Maunganui-Waipoua purchase, 75-77, 124
Waimamaku 2 land, 84
sale of Waipoua 2A2, 146
forest service trespass on family land, 181
forest route , 187
desecration of Kohekohe burial caves, 213, 214
damage and destruction of Waipoua wahi tapu, 229, 230
unrestricted public access to Maunganui Bluff, 243
establishment of the Native Land Court, 263
rates, 263
failure to reserve Kaharau, Te Taraire and other Waimamaku wahi tapu,
264-267, 284
failure to reserve Manuwhetai and Whangaiariki, 269-270, 271-272,
279-283, 284
parliaments, petitions and representations
Hamilton, Augustus, 221, 225, 226
Hanson brothers, 175
Haohaonui, 16, 229, 230, 246, 260n19
Hapakuku Moetara, 13, 33, 40, 42, 46, 216
biographical details, 37, 46, 284n8, app 6(2)
involvement in market economy and land deals, 46, 47
involvement in survey and sale of Te Roroa land, 58, 61, 65, 66, 139, 140, 265
interest in Waipoua 2, 74, 101, 102
interest in Waimamaku 2, 81, 82
troubled over sale of Waimamaku 2, 84
sells Wairau south, 87
interest in Koutu, 95, 96
claim to Opanake, 106
Harrison, D J, 279, 283
Haultain, T M, 75, 80, 83, 87
Hawke's Bay Native Land Alienation Commission 1873, 138n15
Heale, Theophilus, 56, 61, 63, 66, 69, 83
health services, 178, 203-204
Heke, Hone, 12
Heke, Hone (MP), 270
Henare, Sir James, 220
heritage protection authority, 256
Hikairo, Wiremu, 81
Historic Places Trust (Pouhere Taonga), 239
agent of the Crown, 31, 259n3
management of archaeological and traditional sites, 231, 232, 233, 234
archaeology committee, 233, 234
Maori advisory committee, 233
consultation with tangata whenua, 233, 240
and Treaty of Waitangi, 234
authorities, permits, site register, 234, 240, 241, 246
involvement in the Waipoua Archaeological Project and TRWAAC, 235, 236, 237
Maori heritage committee, 250-251, 260n24
no defined policy on wahi tapu or archaeology, 253, 254
lack of Maori participation, 255
Hobson Acclimatisation Society, 174
Hobson County Council, 115, 127, 163, 174, 182, 187, 188, 190, 192, 243, 269, 277, 278
Hobson, William, 24, 25, 37
Hokianga, 82
Holland, Judge, 150, 151, 168n3
Hongi Hika, 12, 25, 33, 35, 36
Hood, Cecil, 238
Hood's road pa
destruction of, 245
horticulture, 99, 120, 192
Huhuna Topaia, 272
inspectorate of surveys, 45
Iraia, Rev Piri Kingi, 220, 223, 224
Iraia Toi, 203
iwi authority, 356
Jakas, Wiremu, 160
Jarby, 120
Johnson's swamp, 108
Jones, Chief Judge R N, 267, 268
Kaharau,
intention to reserve, 61, 84, 85, 86, 129-130
inclusion in sale, 63, 84
spiritual and historical significance of, 86, 128, 130
exclusion from Waimamaku 2, 89n2,
burial caves and wahi tapu, 128, 129, 245
complaints and petitions, 130
payment for, 131-132
Acheson's finding, 267
Kaharau (son of Rahiri), 128, app 6(8)
Kahi, Peni, 88
Kahumaku block, 61, 81, 82, 83, 89n6, 89n8, 90n9, 132
Kai Iwi lake, 13, 16, 108, 109, 172
kai moana, 274, 279
see also fisheries
Kaiatewhetu, 14
Kaihu Action Committee, 281
Kaihu block, 44, 45, 77
Kaihu community, 37
Kaihu estate, 38
Kaihu valley
occupation, 10, 11
traditional resources, 13, 171
resident hapu, 65, 67
railway, 186
Kaipara District Council, 208n14
Kaiparaheka
pa site and burial ground, 14, 129, 245, 246
kaitiakitanga, 127, 209, 210, 211, 221-222, 228, 235, 241, 242, 254
Kaitieke, 6, 14
Kauere, Heremaia, 216
kauri gum industry, 36, 37, 46, 47, 52, 94, 99, 108, 114, 115, 118, 120, 143, 147, 278
kawanatanga, 26, 27
Kawerua, 4, 8, 10, 16, 37
hotel, 95, leased (1966), 98, 120
state forest (1950), 98, 119, 120
intention to reserve 30 acre hapu estate, 117, 118, 119-120
naming and historical significance of, 118
seasonal occupation of, 120
township, 120
traditional fishing ground, 172, 177-178
restricted access to, 179-180
Keall, Judy, 282
Kensington, W C, 63, 83, 135, 265, 266, 267, 268, 274, 284n10
Kemp, H T, 60, 74, 75, 76, 80, 83, 103, 104
Kereopa, Ngatio (Joe), 251, 252
Kerr, R C, 143
Kikokiko, Otene, 58, 74
King movement, 28, 263
Kingi, Rirena, 279
Klaricich, John, 220
Kohekohe, 128, 267
burial caves, 129, 245
Kohimarama conference, 28, 263
Kohuroa, 16
Kohuru, 214, app 6(8), (10)
carving tradition, 224
Kokohuia, 176
Komene Poakatahi, 81, 82, app 6(9)
Kotahitanga, 29, 263
Koutu
canoe landing place, 93
attempts to reserve as hapu estate (1870-1872), 42,43,71,107
(1878-1895) 93-95, 137n7, 137n8
defined by survey, 94, 95, 118
road reserve, 94
certificate of title ordered, 95
trustees appointed, 97, 137n11
absolute owners not trustees, 96-97
proposed purchase by forest service, 97-98
forest service control (1950-), 98
coastal walkway, 98
application for succession orders, 137n9
access rights to, 193
Kukutaepa, 14, 128, 245, 246
Kumevich, 147
Kurahaupo, 10
land (whenua)
customary rights, 6, 13, 49
traditional resources, 13-19
place names and boundaries, 16-19, 50-51
see also mana whenua
Land Corporation, 248
land development schemes (Ngata's), 185, 188, 271
see also consolidation of interests
land grievances,
see grievances and protests, petitions and representations
land purchase methods (Crown and Crown agents), 39-40, 51-52, 55-60, 74-76, 80, 81, 85, 130
see also Native Land Court, tamana
land purchase policy, 39, 40, 55, 56
in Waipoua 2, 165, 166, 167, 168
land sales
Hokianga-Kaipara (pre-1840), 37, 39; (1840-1875), 37, 39, 40
Waimamaku, Wairau, Maunganui, Waipoua (1873-1877), 56-75
Waipoua 2 (1913-1923), 142-150; (1939-1945), 158-159; (1960-1963), 159-165
Taharoa Native Reserve (1950), 115-116
reciprocity in, 24, 27, 30, 31, 183
willingness to sell to Crown, 40, 46, 47, 52, 186
involvement in before 1875, 46-48, 52
early concept of, 47-50
land settlement
early European, 23, 33, 34
Canterbury settlement Waimamaku, 264-265, 266
post 1945, 269, 278, 279
land speculation, 24, 39, 41, 57, 60, 88n3
land surveys
Waimamaku, Wairau, Koutu (1870), 41, 42, 64
Waimamaku, Waipoua, Maunganui, 60-71, 64, 68, 69, 100
Koutu, 43, 94, 95, 118
Taharoa reserves, 110
Wairau reserve, 42
Kawerua, 94, 120
Manuwhetai and Whangaiariki, 67-69, 122
Kahumaku, 89n6
statutory provisions , 45,
survey charges and liens, 45, 131, 148, 149, 159, 168n10
land valuations, 151, 168, 168n5, 169n12
Latimer, Sir Graham, 283
Leaf, Harding, 162
Macdonald, Chief Judge J C, 94, 111, 136n6-137n6
McDonnell, Thomas, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 89n4
McLean, Sir Donald, 1, 39, 48, 51, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 65, 66, 75, 76, 82, 110, 185
Mackie, Dan, 97
Macmorran, Chief Surveyor R G, 156, 158
mahinga kai, 274
traditional resource areas and resources, 13-16, 33, 36, 49, 52
Treaty rights over, 50, 183
continued exercise of traditional resource rights on Crown land, 172-179, 183, 274
Taharoa, 108, 114, 115
Maunganui Bluff, 127
Kaihu, 172-175
Waipoua, 167, 172, 176-179, 180
Waimamaku, 172, 175-176
decline and loss of fisheries, 174-176, 182
restricted access to at Kawerua, 179-180
economic dependence on, 178
Mahurehure, 82
Mahuhu-ki-te-Rangi, 4, 5, 10, app 6(1)
Maingay, Joan, 251, 252
mana, 26, 29
see rangatiratanga
mana whenua, 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 16, 49-50, 52, 174, 179, 210, 211, 258n2
Mangakahia block, 89n4
Maning, Judge F E, 37, 41, 42, 47, 58, 70, 81, 94, 118, 136n6-137n6
Manumanu I, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 99, app 6(1), (2)
Manumanu II, 4, 99, app 6(2)
Manuwhetai, 16, 61
named by Tohe, 18, 121
surveyed by Frank Smith, 67-69, 122
failure to reserve, 77-79, 90n10, 122
wahi tapu, 121-122
agreed statement of fact, 122-123, app 4
continued use of, 123, 271, 274, 279
post sale confusion over status, 269
mahinga kai, 172
loss of fresh water supply, 175
damage and destruction of wahi tapu, 245
lease and sale, 269, 271
discovery of Frank Smith's plan, 272
beach subdivision and settlement, 277-278
complaints, 279
Stout-Ngata Commission's findings, 271
Acheson's findings, 273-274
Maori komiti, 263
Maori Land Boards (Councils), 168n1
Maori Land Court
see Native Land Court
Maori land march, 280
Maori parliaments, 29, 263
Maori trustee, 162
Maori War Effort Organisation, 185
Marara Mahuhu, 7, 37, 74, app 6(4), (6), (10)
Maratea, 36, app 6(2)
Maringinoa, 18
Marriner, L B, 142, 146, 147, 148, 164
Marsden, Hone Toi, 220
Marsden, Maori, 253, app 6(3)
Martin, Sir William, 88n3
Matatina marae, 8
Matatuahu, 120
Matich, Philip, 120
Maunganui Bluff, 1, 5, 16, 17, 61
named by Tohe, 18, 121
area of dispute, 66, 67, 127
unfinished part of survey, 67, 69-70, 126
failure to reserve from sale, 77-79
pa site and signal station, 122
kai moana, 122
site of whare wananga, 124-125, 127, 243
wish to retain, 126
forest and scenic reserve, 127, 243
installations and grazing on, 127, 243, 244
continued exercise of traditional rights over 127, 172, 173, 279
wahi tapu, 243
see also "Papaki"
Maunganui Bluff Scenic Reserve, 243, 244, 245
Maunganui block
survey of, 61, 65-67
dispute over title to, 67
Smith's compiled plan, 67
investigation of title, 70
court award, 73
memorial of ownership, 74
purchase of, 74-75, 101
post sale discontent and Barstow's inquiry, 75-77
vendors understanding of sale, 79-80
Crown title blighted, 81
Maunganui Maori (Reserves Trust) Committee, 280, 281, 282, 283
Menzies, G G, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 223, 224
Meredith, V R, 272, 273
migration
after Te Ika-a-Ranganui, 35, 36, 37, 38
seasonal, 37
urban, 280
Milich, Mick, 190, 191, 199
Mills, 155
Mills and Schroeder (Katui storekeepers), 191
minerals,
see Waipoua river, gravel extraction
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 176, 180
Ministry of Maori Development, 254
Ministry of Works and Development, 181
missions
Wesleyan, 23, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39
Roman Catholic, 23, 33
Moetara, Hapakuku
see Hapakuku Moetara
Moetara, Iehu, 95, 150, 213, 214, 216, 217, 266, 267
Moetara Motu Tongaporutu, 36, 37
Moetara, Rangatira, 7, 37, app 6(2)
Moetara, Wiremu, 74, 86, 95, 101, 102, app 6(2)
Mohi Tito, 280
Monro, Judge H A H, 70, 72, 73, 81, 84, 90n16, 103, 105, 106
Moremonui, 11, 12, 33
Morningside Timber Company, 167
Morrell canoe, 222-223
Morrell, Hypatia, 222
Morrell, James, 129, 213, 268
Morrell, Lou, 213, 214, 215, 217, 222, 223
Motuhuru, 8, 16, 117, 133, 135, 136, 176
Mueller, 213, 214, 215
multiple ownership of Maori land
see Native Land Court, multiple ownership
Museum of Victoria (Melbourne), 222
museums,
see names of museums
Naera, Bill, 224
Naera, Matene, 74, 95, 267, app 6(7)
Naera, Te Ngaru, 146
Nathan, Alex, 236
Nathan, E D, 2, 4, 16, 99, 122, 192, 235, 236, 239, 283
Nathan, Manos, 236, 237, 242, 259n11
Nathan, Ross, 190
Native Affairs Committee,
see Parliament
Native Land Court (Maori Land Court)
agent of assimilation, 13, 29
agent of Crown, 31, 153-154
establishment of, 40
ten-owner system, 40, 41, 44, 102, 103, 355, 356
Te Roroa pre-1875 experience in, 41-44
multiple ownership, 55, 56, 103-108, 355-357
investigation of title to (Maunganui-Waipoua), 70-74; (Waimamaku 2), 81-86; (Opanake), 106-107
orders memorial of ownership for Waipoua 2, 100-103
confirms sale of Taharoa, 115-116
Maori esteem for, 139
succession and partition, 139-151, 159-163, 192, 355
costs and injustices of system, 139-141, 151-153
complaints and inquiries, 154-158
roadway order, 193
Tuhaere's grievance, 263
Acheson's inquiry (1932), 267-268; (1939), 272-277
1840 rule, 80
section 439 reservations, 231, 232, 252, 254, 255, 256, 257, 280
clerical role, 164
native land legislation
see under Acts
Native Lands Purchase Board, 166
native policy, 27, 28, 29, 40
native reserves, 92
statutory provisions for, 46, 136n1, 136n3
official attitudes to, 91, 130
instructions re, 56
failure to implement 50 acre rule, 75
disappearance of, 274
see also Native Land Court, section 439 reservations, and under names
of native reserves, 93-138
Nelson, C E, 56, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 74, 80, 81, 84, 89n4, 130, 266
Netana Patuawa, 269
New Zealand Archaeological Association, 231, 234, 259n14
New Zealand Conservation Authority, 249, 260n21
New Zealand Forest Service
see forest service
New Zealand Historic Places Trust (Pouhere Taonga)
see Historic Places Trust
New Zealand Maori Council, 185
New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney General 1987, 260n20
New Zealand Timberlands Ltd, 193, 205, 206, 247, 252
Ngai Tu, 2, 6, 16, 57, 82, 128
Ngakiriparauri track, 108
Ngakura Pana, 25, 82, 84, 87, 117, 135, 213, 216, 217, 265, 266, 267, app 6(4)
Ngapuhi, 2, 6, 18, 25, 29, 33, 73, 100, 264
Ngata, Sir Apirana, 2, 185, 213, 264, 270, 271, 272
Ngati Korokoro, 2, 36, 102, 128
Ngati Pou, 2, 82, 102, 128
Ngati Rongo, 65, 72
Ngati Te Ra, 2
Ngati Ue, 2, 6, 81, 82
Ngati Whatua, 2, 4, 5, 10, 12, 13, 18, 25, 29, 33, 37, 65, 72, 73, 264
Ngawha, 109
Nopera, 81
Normanby's instructions to Hobson, 30
North Auckland Surplus Lands Commission, 266
Northern Federation of Maori Trusts (Bill Welsh), 281
Northern Wairoa Dairy Company, 187
Northland Catchment Commission, 182
Northland Conservancy, 247
Northland National Parks and Reserves Board
proposed kauri national park for Northland, 253
Northland State Forest Park management plan, 249
O'Regan, Tipene, 247
Oliphant, Peter, 93, 94
Omamari farm settlement scheme, 279
Onetahi, 122
Opanake, 12, 66
Opanake block, 44, 45, 77, 106-107, 125, 138n16, 140
Otaua, 214, 216, 220, 222
Paekoraha, 10, 11, 26, app 6(2), (10)
Pahekeheke rock, 109
Pahiakai, 14
Pahinui pa, 6, 15, 99
Paikoraha, Hamiora, 25, 26
Paiwiko Ananaia, 272, 279
Pakiri, 133
Paniora, Himiona, 155
Paniora, Hohaia, 95, app 6(2)
Paniora, Howard, 220
Paniora, Pohe, 190, app 6(2)
Paniora, Taurau Reuben, 220
Paniora, Te Aramaira, 155
Paniora, Te Atarangi, 97, 118-119, 156, 165, 178, 190, 230
papakainga, 108
"Papaki", 123-126
Parliament
Maori representatives, 184, 185
Native Affairs Committee, 156, 266, 272, 276, 278
Parore, L W (Lou), 115-116, 139, 188, 272, 276
Parore Te Awha, 7, 12, 15, 16, 25, 26, 33, 39, 40, 42, 44
biographical details, 35-36, 38, 114, 264, app 6(3)
involvement in market economy and land deals, 46, 47
land interests, 56
disputes Tiopira's claim to Maunganui-Waipoua, 65, 66, 67, 71-74, 264
awarded Waimata, 71
voluntary arrangement with Tiopira, 74, 100, 105
sells Maunganui-Waipoua No 1, 74-75, 76
granted Taharoa Native Reserve, 75, 108, 109, 110, 112
land quarrels with Te Rore Taoho, 77
interest in Opanake, 106, 107
Kotahitanga petition, 264
unlikely to have sold Manuwhetai and Whangaiariki, 275
partitions
see Native Land Court successions and partitions
Patapata, 16
Patenga, 16, 121
Pawakatutu, 15, 17, 178
Peneti Pana, 25, 42, 43, 57, 61, 63, 74, 82, 84, 95, 101, 102, 117, 135, 137n6, 265, app 6(4)
petitions and representations
Kawerua reserve, 119
Wairau wahi tapu, 135, 137
Waipoua 2, 150, 151, 155-157, 165
coastal road, 187
preservation of Waipoua forest, 188
legal access road to Waipoua Settlement, 190
schools, 198
medicines, 202-203
investigation of Manuwhetai and Whangaiariki, 272, 276
trusts for Kohekohe wakatupapaku, 216-217
legal access road to Waipoua Settlement, 190
control, protection and management of Waipoua 2 wahi tapu, 230, 238-243, 254
management of Bluff scenic reserve, 245
forest asset sales, 247
resource management, 253-254
Maori parliaments, 264
return of Kaharau, 265, 266, 268, 269
Shepherd's recommendation, 276
Hokianga-Kaihu road, 127
succession order, 150-151
see also grievances and protests
Philips, J I, 94
Piddington, Ken, 251
Pinea, 6, 279, app 6(2), (6)
Piwakawaka, 17, 128, 129, 245, 246
place names
Tohe's, 17, 18
oral boundary markers, 50-52
Planning Tribunal, 256
Pokaia, 12
Pokoia, Tane, 87
Polack, J S, 15, 16, 35
Pollen, Dr Daniel, 111, 124
pollution
Taharoa lakes, 174
Waipoua river, 180-182, 198
Polynesian Society, 212
population (Te Roroa)
decline, 23, 41
1878 census, 99
Pouto-o-te-rangi, 17
Preece, J W, 58, 60, 65, 66, 67, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80, 81, 83, 84,
87, 110, 111, 112, 124
Prendergast, Sir James, 29
Pryce, W W R, 271, 272, 277
public utilities,
general provision of, 184,
special provision of for Maori, 185-186
lack of in Waipoua Settlement, 171, 186-198
Puka, 74
Puke Karuhiruhi (Shag point), 178
Pukekaitui, 17, 70
Puke-nui-o-Rongo (Rongomai's pa), 10, 16, 120
Puketapu (Kahikatoa pa),
scarring of, 245
Puketurehu, 69
Pumipi, Barney, 161, 168n8
race relations, 23, 24, 40
Raeroa, 57, 81
see Kahumaku
Rahiri, 8, 128, app 6(8)
Rahiri (house), 264
rahui, 16, 35
railway, 186, 187
rangatiratanga, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 180, 183, 186, 209-210
Rapata Whiu, 220
Ratana, 185
rates, 154, 208n14, 264
Rawene meeting 21 May 1902, 216
Rawiri Lou Goff, 220
rehabilitation of ex-servicemen, 278, 279, 285n14
resident magistrates, 185
resource management
see Acts, Resource Management Act 1991
R v Taylor and Williams, 208n1
Rewiri, Ahenata, 95
Richmond, C W, 138n15
Rikihana, Wiremu, 271
riparian rights, 181
road access
to Kawerua, 179-180, 186
to forest headquarters, 186, 188
to Waipoua Settlement, 186, 190, 191, 192-195
forest service commitment, 192, 194
Crown obligations, 194-195
roads
1886 request for coastal road, 127-128
Waikara, 163,
forest service, 181
Kaihu-Waima, 187
inland v coastal route, 187-188
Waipoua Settlement, 188, 190, 192, 193
Waipoua river, 190
Tiopira (Birch) road, 190, 191
Nathan's road, 192
Katui, 190, 192, 193
Kaihu-Bluff, 272, 277
Rogan, John, 40, 41
Rolleston, William, 111
Rongomai, 10, 118, 120, app 6(1)
Rossiter, W H, 273
Royal Commission on Native Land Laws 1891, 141
Rural Reticulation Council, 197
Scannell, Judge, 106
schools
see education
Sciascia, Piri, 247
section 439 reservations
see Native Land Court
Seth-Smith, Chief Judge G P, 106, 121
sewerage (Waipoua), 182, 183
Shag lake, 109
Sheehan, John, 111, 264
Shepherd, Chief Judge, 275, 277, 281, 283
Sheridan, P, 265, 284n7
shipbuilding, 33, 34
sickness, 178, 182, 202-203
Simmonds, M J, 279
Smith, Dr Ian, 241
Smith, Dr Lockwood, 282
Smith, Frank S, 61, 67-68, 69, 70, 122, 126
Smith, Stephenson Percy, 13, 61, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 81, 82, 89n6, 126,
130, 133, 135, 266
Snowden, John, 269, 274
social services
general provision of, 184-185
special provisions for Maori, 185-186
lack of in Waipoua Settlement, 171, 198-204
see education, also health services
Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Council, 182
Somers and Mrs K, 271
Spencer, E H, 225, 226
Spencer collection, 224, 225, 226
state highway 12, 246
Stephens, Ingham, 140
Stout-Ngata Commission 1907-1908, 164, 270-271, 274, 276
surveys and survey liens
see land surveys
Sutherland, D, 271
Symonds, J J, 37, 58, 70, 72, 74, 103
Taharoa Domain, 174
Taharoa Domain Board, 174
Taharoa lake, 13, 16, 108, 109, 114, 115, 172, 174, 278
Taharoa lakes,
see also Kai Iwi, Waikere lakes
Taharoa Native Reserve
title individualised, 45, 113
reserved from Maunganui purchase, 108, 110
boundaries of, 109-110, 111
grant to Parore, 112
restriction on alienation, 45, 112-113
succession orders, 114
road reserve, 114
scenic reserve, 114
Crown purchase, 114, 115-116
formation of a road, 115
eel fishery, 115, 173, 174
gumdigging, 108, 114, 115
shown on survey plans, 273-274
Tai Netana, 280
Tai Tokerau District Council, 280
Taiamai (Ohaeawai), 25
Taitua, 8, 82
Taki Tahua's map, 51
Takitimu, 10
tamana
antecedents of, 39
payment, 56, 58, 59-60, 74, 89n3
Tane family, 162, 163
Tane Mahuta, 2, 3
Taoho, 11, 12-13, 16, 19-21, 33, 35, 36, 125, app 6(2), (6)
taonga
concept of, 26, 49, 209-211
European view of, 211-213
Treaty and statutory obligations to protect, 209, 223, 245
breached, 215
mauri recognised by Waitangi Tribunal, 258n3
Tarahape, 82
Taramainuku, 11, 12, 35, 73, app 6(3)
Tarawhiti, Karaka Kereru, 95
Tau Henare, 270
Taurau Kukupa, 35, 73, 74, app 6(3)
Tautahi, Hone, 81
Tawhai, Hari Karaka, 87
Tawhai, Hone Mohi, 82
Tawhaki, 4, app 6(1)
Taylor, Michael, 99, 251
Te Ahu, 25, app 6(7)
Te Akaterere, 267
Te Aue Davis, 238
Te Awa Tamuri, 177
Te Awha, Pouaka Waata, 114, app 6(3)
Te Hana, 37, app 6(2)
Te Haara, Heta, 58, 82, 87, app 6(7)
Te Hei, 7, 35, 73
Te Hemara Tawhai, 58
Te Hokakeha, 109, 111
Te Houhanga marae, 264, 280, 281, 282
Te Ika-a-Ranganui, 11, 12, 33, 35, 36, 73
Te Kauri, 35
Te Kopae, 251
Te Kuihi, 111
Te Maara, 10, 11, app 6(2)
Te Maunga, 10, 11, 12, app 6(2)
Te Moho, 128, 129, 245, 246, 267
Te Niinihi, 129
Te Pana (Te Pana Ruka), 25
Te Pouritanga Waata, 114
Te Pure, 117, 245, 246
Te Rangihiroa, 270
Te Rereapouto, 267
burial caves, 128, 129, 223, 245, 246
Te Rore, Enoka, 150, 155, 160, 190, 230, 270, 271, app 6(2)
Te Rore, Hugh, 2, 122
Te Rore, Iehu Raniera Taoho, 95, 143, 150, 270, 271, 272, app 6(2)
Te Rore, John (son of Enoka), 160
Te Rore Taoho, 13, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 58, 68
biographical details, 36, 229, 270, app 6(2)
involvement in market economy and land deals, 46, 47
recipient of tamana, 58, 66
absence from court hearing on Maunganui, 73, 77-79, 127
interest in Waipoua 2, 74
understanding re reserves, 81
application for title to Waimamaku 2, 81
sells interest in Wairau south, 87
interest in Koutu, 95
interest in Opanake, 106, 107
asks for road, 127
asks for school, 198
inquiries about Manuwhetai, 269
claim to Manuwhetai, 274
Te Rore, Tuhaere Harry, 280
Te Roroa
origins and traditional history, 4-22
see also claimants, whakatauki, whakapapa (appendix 6)
Te Roroa-Waipoua Archaeological Advisory Committee (TRWAAC), 236-243, 251, 252, 254, 260n22
Te Tane Hohaia, 143, 164
and family, 146
Te Taou, 65, 72, 264, app 6(2), (6)
Te Taraire
intention to reserve, 61, 84, 85, 86, 90n8, 130
inclusion in sale, 63, 83
spiritual and historical significance of, 86, 128
payment for, 131
Acheson's finding, 267
Te Tihinga Netana, 280
Te Toko, 10, 11
Te Uri-o-hau, 12, 65, 72, 73, 264
Te Waiata, 10, 11, 12, app 6(2)
Te Whareumu, 82, app 6(4), (8)
Te Whata, 13, 16, 61, 81, 82, app 6(5), (10)
Te Whetuki, Hori, 72, 73
Tekateka, 15
telecommunications (Waipoua valley), 196-197, 203
ten-owner system
see Native Land Court
Thompson, Taurau, 223, 224
"tiki"
see wakatupapaku
timber industry, 33, 34, 36, 37, 46, 47, 52, 99, 127, 143, 147, 167, 187, 270
Timberlands
see New Zealand Timberlands Ltd
Timu Kerehi v Duff (1902), 102
Tiopira, Hiria, 95
Tiopira Kinaki (Rehi), 7, 12, 13, 16, 29, 33, 35, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
biographical details, 36, 95, 263, app 6(2), (4), (6), (10)
involvement in market economy and early land deals, 46, 47, 48
involvement in survey and sale of Waimamaku, Waipoua, Maunganui and
Wairau, 57, 58, 65, 66, 74-75, 79, 81, 82, 88, 90n16, 100, 118, 121
rights and claims to Maunganui and Waipoua No 1, 67, 70-74
contests title to Waimata, 71
voluntary arrangement with Parore, 74, 100, 105
interest in Waipoua No 2, 74, 100, 101
protests over payment to Parore, 74-77
interest in Koutu, 94, 95, 97, 137n6
claim to Opanake, 106
representations re grant of Taharoa to Parore, 110-111
claim to "Papaki", 124, 125
requests road, 127
grievances re road boards and rates, 263-264
unlikely to have sold Manuwhetai and Whangaiariki, 275
Tiopira Piipi (Cummins), 97, 100, 199, 268, 279, app 6(2), (4), (6), (10)
Tiopira's reserve
see Waipoua No 2
Tiopira, Rewiri, 46, 66, 68, 74, 87, 88, 95, 96, 265, 284n8, app 6(2), (4)
Tiopira's Settlement
see Waipoua Settlement
Tirarau, 7, 16, 35, 40, 72, app 6(2)
Tirikohu, 15, 99
Tirohanga ki te Rangi, 122
Titford, Alan, 278
Toa, 6, 8, 10, 35, 44, 73
Toa Maihi (Mihi) Paati (Dawson Birch), 156, 165, 199
Tohe, 17-18, 118, 121, app 6(1)
Toi, Wiritai, 220
Toia, Hone, 258n8
Tokatoka, 12, 17
Tokerau District Maori Land Board, 199
Tokerau Maori Land Board, 146, 150
Tole, J A, 76
tracks and waterways, 14, 16, 109, 187
trade
early European, 23, 33, 34, 35, 37
transport,
see railway; roads; education; school transport; tracks and waterways
Treaty of Waitangi, 1, 2
principles, 23, 30, 32n19
purposes, 23, 24
idea of reciprocity in, 24, 27, 30, 31, 183
signatories, 25, 26, 37
Maori and English texts, 25, 26
understanding of, 27, 28
Crown's right of pre-emption, 26, 27, 28, 89n3
post-1840 views of, 28, 29, 263
Tribunal's stance on , 30, 32n19
Crown acts and omissions incompatible with or in breach of, 50, 60,
70, 81, 85, 86, 103, 107, 123, 128, 136, 154, 164, 182, 183,
186, 195, 209, 215, 217, 219, 221, 230, 240-241, 243, 245, 254,
257, 271, 277, 278, 279, 284
Trounson estate, 98
Trounson family, 120, 133, 143, 147, 167
Tuhaere, Paora, 29, 72-73, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80
Orakei parliament, 263, 264
Tui Mahi, 280
Tukuhuia Toi, 161
Tunatahi block, 40
Tuoro, Aperehama Reupena, 129, 223, 267
Tuoro, Hone, 95, 97
Tuoro, Reupena, 117, 134, 135, 136, 147, 219, app 6(7), (10)
Tuoro, Te Ngoiere, 129
Turirangi Te Kani, 2
Tutaepiro, 128
Tutamoe Ecological District Management Plan, 253
Tuwhare, 33, 36, 74, 95, app 6(2)
Uetaoroa, 82
unemployment, 204, 280
Vogel, Julius
public works policy, 47, 55, 184
voluntary arrangement between Tiopira and Parore, 2 February 1886, 74, 80, 100, 102, 111
von Sturmer, Spencer, 82, 83, 87, 88
wahi tapu
cut out of surveys, 41
Taharoa, 108, 109
Wairau reserve, 116
Kawerua, 117
concept of, 209, 210, 227, 250, 251
statutory definition of, 227
location in claim area, 228
desecration and destruction in Waipoua, 229
reburial of koiwi, 229
representations over, 230
statutory protection, 231-234
management and protection of, 234-243
damage and destruction of in Maunganui and Waimamaku, 243-246
Treaty and statutory obligations to protect, 245
DOC policy for protection and management undefined, 249, 253
protection under Resource Management Act, 256-257
refusal to disclose location of , 229, 237, 265
Waiaraara, 10, 246
Waiariki, 109, 111
Waihopai river
eel fishery, 172, 173, 175
deepening of the river bed, 175
Waikara, 37, 65, 99, 189
Waikara farm development blocks, 197
Waikaraka marae, 282
Waikere lake, 13, 16, 109, 114, 172
Waima, 216
Waimamaku block,
survey, investigation and issue of title, 41, 42, 61
Waimamaku No 2
negotiations to purchase, 58
Wilson's survey, 61, 89n8
Smith's compiled plan, 61, 62
Wilson's plan, 63
Weetman's check survey, 64, 85
Kensington's compiled plan, 63, 83, 84, 85
investigation of title, 81-82
memorial of ownership, 82, 84
dissatisfaction over court order, 82
boundary rivalries and confusion, 82, 89n8
deed of sale and certification of, 82,83
application for partition dismissed, 83
Preece's report on, 83
irregularities in purchase, 86
survey lien, 131
payment rates, 132
Waimamaku community, 5, 37,
Waimamaku Cooperative Cheese Factory, 187
Waimamaku Maori komiti, 7, 176
Waimamaku river, 18, 172, 176
Waimamaku valley, 10, 13, 171, 172
Waimata block, 44, 45, 71, 75, 76
Waiotane, 177
Waiotemarama, 172, 175
Waiotemarama Scenic Reserve, 246
Waipapa, Hetoro, 82
Waipoua Archaeological Project, 235-243, 251, 252
Waipoua block, 61, 65-67, 69, 70, 106
Waipoua No 1
defined by survey, 69
investigation of title, 70
court award, 73
memorial of ownership, 74
purchase of, 74-75, 101
post-sale discontent and Barstow's inquiry, 75-77
vendor's understanding of sale, 79-80, 101
Crown title blighted, 81, 105, 107
deed of sale, 178
Waipoua No 2 (Waipoua Native Reserve)
Koutu precedent for, 41, 44
partition of interests, 45
intention to retain, 61, 100
Weetman's check survey, 64
cut out of Waipoua block, 67, 69, 76
boundaries and acreages, 69, 90n12
memorial of ownership, 74, 90n16, 101, 103
designation and status of, 100-103
title not investigated, 100
partitions, 107, 139, 140, 141, 148, 150-151, 155, 157, 160, 192
survey charges and liens, 139-140, 142, 143, 146, 147, 148, 153,
159, 164, 168n10
court costs, 141-142, 151
successions, 107, 137-138n13, 141, 156, 161-162, 165
land sales (1913-1928), 142-149, 154; (1939-1945), 158;
(1960-1973), 159-165
proclamation prohibiting sales to Crown (1917-1972), 142, 143, 148,
153, 160, 164, 165-166, 195
timber, flax and gum leases and sales, 142-143, 146, 147
land taken for road, 143, 146
subdivisions, 144,195
valuations, 146, 148, 149, 150, 160, 163, 164, 167, 168n5, 168n11
theft of timber and gum, 147, 153, 167
court prohibitions on leases, 143, 147
state forest, 127, 148, 154, 155, 161, 249
Crown's acquisition of part interests, 149-151, 154, 164
Native Land Court system, 149-154, 164
petitions, 150, 151, 155-156, 166
resistance to forest service occupation, 230
consolidation scheme, 154-155
Acheson inquiry (1939), 156-158, 159, 168n3
Bell's concern re out of court settlement, 157-158, 165
school site gifted, 159
prices paid by Crown for land, 163-164, 168n9
motives and justification for Crown purchases, 167-168
roadway order for partition, 192-193
problems of multiple ownership for resource management, 355-357
Waipoua forest
trespass and theft, 153, 166-167
myth of Maori menace, 166, 167, 169n13
forest service management, 166-167, 179-183, 188-195, 199, 204-205, 234-237
traditional resource rights, 49, 172, 178-179, 183, 209
spiritual and historical significance, 179, 209
damage and destruction of wahi tapu, 246
allocations of Crown land to sanctuary 1963-1997, 248
planning, 253
Waipoua Forest Headquarters, 182, 188, 192, 194, 196, 197, 207, 249
Waipoua Forest Sanctuary
Crown land allocated for 1953-1987, 248, 260n19
advisory committee disestablished, 249
included in Northland State Forest Park management plan, 249
Waipoua Ltd, 147
Waipoua Native Reserve
see Waipoua No 2
Waipoua river,
taonga, 90n12
fishery, 172
rangatiratanga over, 180
gravel extraction and pollution, 180-182
traditional resource rights, 209
Waipoua Settlement
mahinga kai, 176-179
poor road access, 179, 186-188, 189-195, 203-204
lack of telecommunications, 196, 203, 204
mail delivery, 196
electricity, 197
water, 197-198
sewerage, 198
dependence on forest headquarters, 196, 197
education, 159, 190-191, 198-200, 201-203
need for Maori language in education, 202
health and dental services, 202-204
fire risk, 206-207
lack of services and effects, 207
Waipoua state forest
see Waipoua No 2, state forest
Waipoua valley,
occupation of, 5, 6, 10, 37, 99
pa, 10, 14
traditional resources, 13, 15, 171
gardens, 15, 35
dairying, 188-190
Wairarapa, 6
Wairau
fishing, 172
Wairau block
survey, investigation and issue of title (1870), 42
Campbell's survey plan, 42, 86
negotiations to purchase, 86, 87
Wilson's survey of, 86, 89n8
sale despite restriction on alienation, 87
confusion over boundaries and acreages, 87, 88
partition of, 87
Wairau Native Reserve,
Campbell reserves, 42
Weetman reserves, 64
reserved from sale of Wairau south, 87, 88, 116
boundaries of, 116, 134
burial caves, 116-117
kai moana, 117
court orders for title to, 117
failure to include land south of river, 133-136
application to court to investigate title, 135
acreage of, 89n8
Wairau north, 85, 130, 89n8
Wairau south, 86, 88, 89n8, 90n8, 132
Wairau stream, 18
Waitangi Tribunal, 280, 281
Waiwhatawhata, 11, 36, 73
wakatupapaku ("tiki"),
defined, 209
discovery of and removal from Kohekohe caves, 213-215, 217-218, 266
carved Kohuru, 214
official actions, 213-217, 219
petitions and representations, 213, 216-217, 218-219
return and reburial, 220-221
museum collections, and provence of, 221-227, 259n11
Waoku block, 69
Ward, Sir Joseph, 215
wars
intertribal, 11, 12, 23, 33, 35, 36, 44
New Zealand, 37, 40
1924-1928, 2, 143, 149, 150
1949-1955, 2, 158, 241, 244
water supply (Waipoua Settlement), 197-198
Webster, William, 81, 88
Weetman, Sydney, 63, 69, 70, 100, 130, 133, 135, 266
Welsford, W R, 223
Wetere, Koro, 220, 236, 281, 283
whakapapa, 8
see appendix 6
Whakatau, 4, 8, 118, 120, app 6(1)
Whakatauki, 4, 6, 7, 12, 18, 19, 118, 122, 220, 259n10
Whangaiariki, 16, 61
named by Tohe, 18, 121
surveyed by Frank Smith, 67-69, 122
failure to reserve, 77-78, 90n10, 122
spring, 109
agreed statement of facts, 122-123, app 4
continued use of, 123, 271, 274, 278
post sale confusion over status, 269, 271
leased for farm settlement, 271, 278-279
Stout-Ngata Comission's findings, 271
discovery of Frank Smith's plan, 272
Acheson's findings, 273-274
Whangamoa, 193, 229, 246
Whangaparaoa, 245, 246
Whangaroa, Wiremu, 25, app 6(2)
Whare wananga, 125, 127
Wharekiri, 15
Whenuahou, 6, 37, 99
Whetumakurukuru, 15
White, Huia, 281, 282-283
Whitehead, Geoffrey, 250
Wi Pou, 87
Wi Pou, Hoterene, 216
Wilson, H and D (Daniel), 61, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71, 74, 86, 100, 130, 133, 135, 265, 266
Wilson, J A Judge, 95
Winklemann, Charles, 202, 203
Wiremu Tahere Maui, 279
Wyatt, George, 93
Yakas, Nick, 120, 178
Young Maori Party, 213, 270